The education and socialization of children tends to occur is usually largest groups in churches, schools and other social organization apart from the family. We are also aware of men who engage in warfare. We discovered that the functioning or malfunctioning of groups oups is recognised increasingly as one of the societies social problems.
In business, government and the military there is great interest in increasing the productivity of groups. Education are coming to believe that they can carry out their responsibilities fully unless they understand better how the classroom functions as a social group. Those concerned with social warfare are seeking ways to reduce inter group conflicts between labour and management, and among religion and ethnic groups. The operation of juvenile gangs is a most troublesome obstacle in an attempt to prevent crime. As a student of human behaviour we are interested in the nature of groups.
Question:
GROUP DYNAMICS
The study of group dynamics expose us to acquisition of knowledge about the nature of groups. Group dynamic as a phrase has gained popular familiarity since World War II.
Group dynamic relies on careful observation, qualification, measurement and experimentation. It origination as a distinct specialty is associated primarily with KURT LEWIN (1890-1947) he popularized the term group dynamic and made significant contribution to both research and theories in group dynamics.
In 1945, he established the first organization and devoted exclusively to research on group dynamics, group dynamics was not the creation of just one person, it was infact the result of many developed which occur over a period of several years and in several different discipline and professions. Viewed in the historical perspective. group dynamic can be seen as a convergence of certain trend within the social sciences, one major characteristic of group dynamic is its interdisciplinary relevance. It is important to recognize that research on dynamic of group has not been associated with any one of the social sciences disciplines.
(3) Groups may produce both good and bad consequences, the view that groups are completely good or the view that groups are completely bad are both based on convincing evidence. The only fault with it is one sided or focused excessively on pathology and upon constructive features that lead to seriously distorted picture of reality.
A correct understanding of group dynamics permits the possibility that desirable consequences from group can be deliberately enhanced through a knowledge of group dynamics. Group dynamic can be made to serve better ends. For example knowledge gives power to modify human behaviour and social institution instead of concentrating exclusively on the restrictive features of groups, the group dynamist advocates the scientific study of group and of the individual relation to group with a belief that a better understanding of the nature of this will make it possible to divide groups and procedures better able to attain the legitimate goals of group.
In business, government and the military there is great interest in increasing the productivity of groups. Education are coming to believe that they can carry out their responsibilities fully unless they understand better how the classroom functions as a social group. Those concerned with social warfare are seeking ways to reduce inter group conflicts between labour and management, and among religion and ethnic groups. The operation of juvenile gangs is a most troublesome obstacle in an attempt to prevent crime. As a student of human behaviour we are interested in the nature of groups.
Question:
- How do individuals relate in group?
- How do individuals or group relate to the larger society?
- When and what condition are groups formed?
- What factors foster the decline and disintegration of group?
- How do groups affect the behavior, thinking, motivation and adjustment of individual?
- What combination of personality and value of members affect the nature of group?
- What determines the nature of relationship between member of a group?
GROUP DYNAMICS
The study of group dynamics expose us to acquisition of knowledge about the nature of groups. Group dynamic as a phrase has gained popular familiarity since World War II.
Group dynamic relies on careful observation, qualification, measurement and experimentation. It origination as a distinct specialty is associated primarily with KURT LEWIN (1890-1947) he popularized the term group dynamic and made significant contribution to both research and theories in group dynamics.
In 1945, he established the first organization and devoted exclusively to research on group dynamics, group dynamics was not the creation of just one person, it was infact the result of many developed which occur over a period of several years and in several different discipline and professions. Viewed in the historical perspective. group dynamic can be seen as a convergence of certain trend within the social sciences, one major characteristic of group dynamic is its interdisciplinary relevance. It is important to recognize that research on dynamic of group has not been associated with any one of the social sciences disciplines.
Sociologists have of course, devoted great energy to the study of groups. Psychologist have directed attention to many of the same kind for part of or on groups sense of behavior, attitudes and personality of individuals and the effect of the characteristics of individual on group functioning.
Cultural anthropologist while investigating many of the same topics as sociologist. Psychologist have contributed date on group living under condition quite different from those of modern industrial societies. Political scientist have extended their traditional interest in large institution to include studies of the functioning of legislative groups, pressure group and the effect of group membership on voting.
Economists have come increasingly to collect data on the way decision to spend or save money are made in the family. how the family needs and relationship affect the size of the labor force, how goals of union affect policies in business and how decisions which have economic consequence are reached in businesses of various kinds or types.
Since an interest in group is shared by the various social science disciplines, it is clear that any general knowledge about the group dynamics of groups have significant widely throughout the social sciences.
PRE-CONCEPTION ABOUT GROUPS:
There are two opposing views about pre conception about groups. The first view argues that man is imperfect or even evil and social organization is required to do things he/she cannot do alone or to control his aggressive, selfish and exploitative tendencies without co-operation.
Without social organizations and groups of various kinds, man would not survive biologically or without group standard, social values and laws or other means of controlling behavior civilization will be impossible.
According to the opposing view, man is inartistically good in what is called his natural condition and social organizations of all kinds is bad. Groups demand blind conformity, they encourage mediocrity and they claim stubbornly and irrational to the status.
Group dynamist believe that everything should be done by and in group that individual therapy is bad. The only good things are committee meeting, group decisions, group therapy and togetherness. In short the group dynamists are sent to hold the classic view that individual man is imperfect or important while the group is good.
Economists have come increasingly to collect data on the way decision to spend or save money are made in the family. how the family needs and relationship affect the size of the labor force, how goals of union affect policies in business and how decisions which have economic consequence are reached in businesses of various kinds or types.
Since an interest in group is shared by the various social science disciplines, it is clear that any general knowledge about the group dynamics of groups have significant widely throughout the social sciences.
PRE-CONCEPTION ABOUT GROUPS:
There are two opposing views about pre conception about groups. The first view argues that man is imperfect or even evil and social organization is required to do things he/she cannot do alone or to control his aggressive, selfish and exploitative tendencies without co-operation.
Without social organizations and groups of various kinds, man would not survive biologically or without group standard, social values and laws or other means of controlling behavior civilization will be impossible.
According to the opposing view, man is inartistically good in what is called his natural condition and social organizations of all kinds is bad. Groups demand blind conformity, they encourage mediocrity and they claim stubbornly and irrational to the status.
Group dynamist believe that everything should be done by and in group that individual therapy is bad. The only good things are committee meeting, group decisions, group therapy and togetherness. In short the group dynamists are sent to hold the classic view that individual man is imperfect or important while the group is good.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS HELD BY MOST DYNAMICS
(1) Groups are inevitable and are universal or permitting group exist in every place. (
(2) Groups mobilize powerful forces which produce effect of utmost importance to individual, why do we join student union groups? A person with very sense of identity is shaped by the groups of significance to him. for example his family, his churches, mosques, or his professional body and students union.
(1) Groups are inevitable and are universal or permitting group exist in every place. (
(2) Groups mobilize powerful forces which produce effect of utmost importance to individual, why do we join student union groups? A person with very sense of identity is shaped by the groups of significance to him. for example his family, his churches, mosques, or his professional body and students union.
A person s position in a group moreover may affect the way others behave toward him and such personal qualities as his level of aspiration and self- esteem. Group membership and self may be a price possession or an oppressive body.
(3) Groups may produce both good and bad consequences, the view that groups are completely good or the view that groups are completely bad are both based on convincing evidence. The only fault with it is one sided or focused excessively on pathology and upon constructive features that lead to seriously distorted picture of reality.
A correct understanding of group dynamics permits the possibility that desirable consequences from group can be deliberately enhanced through a knowledge of group dynamics. Group dynamic can be made to serve better ends. For example knowledge gives power to modify human behaviour and social institution instead of concentrating exclusively on the restrictive features of groups, the group dynamist advocates the scientific study of group and of the individual relation to group with a belief that a better understanding of the nature of this will make it possible to divide groups and procedures better able to attain the legitimate goals of group.
PROPERTIES OF GROUP
(1) Group Size: The number of individual in a group difler from one group to another, so we can talk of small group and large group.
(2) Group task and environment: This refers to the task confronting the group and the environment in which the group functions
(3) Group Composition: This refers to individual characteristics of the members making up a group
(4) Interaction Process: The modes and pattern of interaction between members and within the task environment.
(1) Group Size: The number of individual in a group difler from one group to another, so we can talk of small group and large group.
(2) Group task and environment: This refers to the task confronting the group and the environment in which the group functions
(3) Group Composition: This refers to individual characteristics of the members making up a group
(4) Interaction Process: The modes and pattern of interaction between members and within the task environment.
(5) Group Effectiveness: The effectiveness is the performance of task, the viability of the group the membership satisfaction and change within the individual members all determines the effectiveness of the group.
GROUP COHESION
According to Leon Festinger (1950) group cohesion means the resistance that keeps members within the group When we speak of cohesiveness of a group what comes to mind is the strong feeling of Awe-ness (collectiveness).
Sometimes we think about what compel any individual to remain in a group or to leave a group, we can cite example of social club, such as Igosun Progress Club or Asaba Progressive Club, Yoruba Peoples Club, Igosun Ladies Club. People leave these club for various reasons including the cost of dues, the demand for resources and time, a change in activities and goals of the club and a change in characteristic in membership such as age but some forces of cohesion might include personal advantage derived from the club activities. The comfort and support of people who share a common languages and culture.
GROUP COHESION
According to Leon Festinger (1950) group cohesion means the resistance that keeps members within the group When we speak of cohesiveness of a group what comes to mind is the strong feeling of Awe-ness (collectiveness).
Sometimes we think about what compel any individual to remain in a group or to leave a group, we can cite example of social club, such as Igosun Progress Club or Asaba Progressive Club, Yoruba Peoples Club, Igosun Ladies Club. People leave these club for various reasons including the cost of dues, the demand for resources and time, a change in activities and goals of the club and a change in characteristic in membership such as age but some forces of cohesion might include personal advantage derived from the club activities. The comfort and support of people who share a common languages and culture.
The resultant forces out weight those degrees to which persons want to remain in a club. The resultant forces for wanting to remain in the club out-weight those that are responsible for those of wanting to leave the group,
How Do We Measure Cohesion?
There are both direct and indirect methods of measuring cohesion:
(1) The Direct Approach: It is possible to ask direct question such as how much do you like this group, how much do the groups mean to you?
(2) The Indirect Approach: Question can asked in indirect manner to find out the extent to which a group is coherent, researches have developed a friendship index for small group. This is the ratio of selection made within one's club when such member is asked to name his first ten best friends dividing by the number who may possibly might be chosen within the clubs.
(3) Behavioural Measure: Under this approach question such as how many time does member spend with their groups. Are members willing to work for groups that are well organized.
One can find out the rate of absenteeism turn over and payment of dues. This has been used as a rough indicator of a degree which an institution is attracted to its members. A study was carried out on the relation between absenteeism and various attitudinal measures of satisfaction among employees of a public institution, they found in general statistically significant relation between the average rate of absence within a sub - part of the company and the degree of satisfaction among the members of the group with respect to supervision. work associate and the nature of the job. One important finding that is particularly relevant here has to do with perceptions of the solidarity of their group.
This is an analysis of a group socio-metric structure in terms of a pattern of interpersonal attraction and rejection ongst it is members. This analysis is carried out by means of asocio-metric questionnaires in which each member is asked to indicate whom he likes and who he dislikes in the group. This analysis may be done informally by observing the members like or dislike or by examining under indication of socio - metric choice, an investigator may find out whose member may like to work with vacation.
Jacob - Moreno (1934) originated this approach (socio- metric) Jacob Moreno studied young girls who are detained in institutions for delinquent. He wanted to learn how the girls choose their cottage mate in order to get this information Moreno asked the girls such questions as:
How Do We Measure Cohesion?
There are both direct and indirect methods of measuring cohesion:
(1) The Direct Approach: It is possible to ask direct question such as how much do you like this group, how much do the groups mean to you?
(2) The Indirect Approach: Question can asked in indirect manner to find out the extent to which a group is coherent, researches have developed a friendship index for small group. This is the ratio of selection made within one's club when such member is asked to name his first ten best friends dividing by the number who may possibly might be chosen within the clubs.
(3) Behavioural Measure: Under this approach question such as how many time does member spend with their groups. Are members willing to work for groups that are well organized.
One can find out the rate of absenteeism turn over and payment of dues. This has been used as a rough indicator of a degree which an institution is attracted to its members. A study was carried out on the relation between absenteeism and various attitudinal measures of satisfaction among employees of a public institution, they found in general statistically significant relation between the average rate of absence within a sub - part of the company and the degree of satisfaction among the members of the group with respect to supervision. work associate and the nature of the job. One important finding that is particularly relevant here has to do with perceptions of the solidarity of their group.
This is an analysis of a group socio-metric structure in terms of a pattern of interpersonal attraction and rejection ongst it is members. This analysis is carried out by means of asocio-metric questionnaires in which each member is asked to indicate whom he likes and who he dislikes in the group. This analysis may be done informally by observing the members like or dislike or by examining under indication of socio - metric choice, an investigator may find out whose member may like to work with vacation.
Jacob - Moreno (1934) originated this approach (socio- metric) Jacob Moreno studied young girls who are detained in institutions for delinquent. He wanted to learn how the girls choose their cottage mate in order to get this information Moreno asked the girls such questions as:
- (a) Whom would you like to sit next to in class?
- (b) Whom would you like to invite to a party?
- (c) Whom would you like to work with?
He plotted the responses of girls in a figure known as socio-gram. The direction of the arrows differ connect the circles symbolises the different individuals in the group. The double arrows represent mutual choices, the internal of the group is symbolised by the number of interconnecting lines within the group. It is possible to use this type of method to find out who is the most popular person in the group i.e. the star of the group can be identified.
Momeno himself identified a number patterns and position which may have great consequences for individuals. He could predict how rumours and gossips could spread after plotting the choice among members in socio-gram, when one of the girls was caught stealing only the other members of the immediate group knows about it. The very next day, a week later the gossip has traveled through social networks to other girls in the institution. Socio-metric can be used to study leadership in group.
CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP COHESIVENESS
(1) Responsible activities: Those who are highly attracted to a group more often take on the responsibility for the organization, participate more readily in meetings persisting longer in working towards difficult goal, attend meetings more faithfully and remains as member for longer years.
(2) Interpersonal influences: Attracted members more readily, try to influence others and more willing to listen to others opinion, and more readily to change their minds to take the views of fellow members.
(3) Similarities of values: Members who are strongly attracted to a group place greater value on his group goal. They adhere more closely to his group standard and more eager to protect his group standard by excreting pressure upon or rejecting persons who transgress them.
(4) Development of security: Attracted members are less likely to be jumpy or nervous. In group activities and more often find security or release from tension in their membership activities.
Momeno himself identified a number patterns and position which may have great consequences for individuals. He could predict how rumours and gossips could spread after plotting the choice among members in socio-gram, when one of the girls was caught stealing only the other members of the immediate group knows about it. The very next day, a week later the gossip has traveled through social networks to other girls in the institution. Socio-metric can be used to study leadership in group.
CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP COHESIVENESS
(1) Responsible activities: Those who are highly attracted to a group more often take on the responsibility for the organization, participate more readily in meetings persisting longer in working towards difficult goal, attend meetings more faithfully and remains as member for longer years.
(2) Interpersonal influences: Attracted members more readily, try to influence others and more willing to listen to others opinion, and more readily to change their minds to take the views of fellow members.
(3) Similarities of values: Members who are strongly attracted to a group place greater value on his group goal. They adhere more closely to his group standard and more eager to protect his group standard by excreting pressure upon or rejecting persons who transgress them.
(4) Development of security: Attracted members are less likely to be jumpy or nervous. In group activities and more often find security or release from tension in their membership activities.
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